Tamil is written from left to right in horizontal lines, just like English. [2] X Research source A chart of the basic Tamil script is available here: http://tamilo. com/Learn_Tamil/alphabet. pdf.
அ a and ஆ aa[3] X Research source Similar to many other South Asian scripts, Tamil consonants carry the inherent அ a sound, so அ a does not change when added to a consonant. [4] X Research source When ஆ aa is added to a consonant, a diacritic mark representing it is added to the end of the consonant, as in கா kaa. இ i and ஈ ii When இ i is added to a consonant, a diacritic mark representing it is added to the end of the consonant, as in கி ki. When ஈ ii is added to a consonant, a diacritic mark representing it is added to the top of the consonant, as in கீ kii. உ u and ஊ uu When உ u is added to a consonant, a diacritic mark representing it is added to the bottom of the consonant, as in கு ku. When ஊ uu is added to a consonant, a diacritic mark representing it is added to the end of the consonant, as in கூ kuu. எ e and ஏ ee When எ e is added to a consonant, a modified form is placed in front of the consonant, as in கெ ke. When ஏ ee is added to a consonant, a diacritic mark representing it is placed in front of the consonant, as in கே kee. ஐ ai When ஐ ai is added to a consonant, a modified form is placed in front of the consonant, as in கை kai. ஒ o and ஓ oo When ஒ o is added to a consonant, the diacritic marks for e and aa are placed surrounding the consonant, as in கொ ko. When ஓ oo is added to a consonant, the diacritic marks for ee and aa are placed surrounding the consonant, as in கோ koo. ஔ au When ஔ au is added to a consonant, the diacritic mark for e is placed at the beginning of the consonant and another diacritic mark is placed at the end, as in கௌ kau. There are some non-standard consonant-vowel combinations in Tamil that don’t follow these rules. A complete list of these exceptions is available here: http://www. omniglot. com/writing/tamil. htm.
Vallinam consonants: க் k, ச் ch, ட் t, த் th, ப் p, ற் tr Mellinam consonants: ங் ng, ஞ் ng , ண் n, ந் n, ம் m, ன் n Idaiyinam consonants: ய் y, ர் r, ல் l, வ் v, ழ் l, ள் l There are also several borrowed consonants from Sanskrit, which are usually referred to as “Grantha” letters after the original script used to write Tamil. These sounds are often found in modern spoken Tamil, but less so in classical written Tamil. These letters are: ஜ் j ஷ் sh ஸ் s ஹ் h க்ஷ் ksh ஸ்ரீ srii Finally, there is a special letter, ஃ akh, called an āytam. It is usually used in modern Tamil to indicate foreign sounds, such as f and z. [5] X Research source
Check out forums, websites, and social media accounts dedicated to learning the language.
The University of Pennsylvania has a set of 36 lessons on Tamil grammar and sentence construction. The University of Texas at Austin has a set of lessons on Tamil language and culture. [8] X Research source The Central Institute of Indian Languages has online lessons in Tamil script, grammar, and sentence structure. Sample lessons are free, and full access to the course is $50USD or 500Rs. [9] X Research source Polymath has an extensive set of lessons on the Tamil language, including a wide list of vocabulary words and lessons on pronouns, verb tenses, and common questions. [10] X Research source Language Reef has a set of 14 simple Tamil lessons. Once you get more advanced, the University of Michigan has 11 free lessons in Intermediate Tamil, including audio files to accompany each lesson. [11] X Research source The government of Tamil Nadu has a “Virtual Academy” that includes games, a library of Tamil sources, and lessons. [12] X Research source Much of the content is free, although some is also available for purchase.
Kausalya Hart’s Tamil for Beginners is currently out of print but widely available in used bookstores. [14] X Research source E. Annamalai and R. E. Asher’s Colloquial Tamil: The Complete Course for Beginners focuses exclusively on spoken Tamil and includes audio for its lessons. It can go a bit fast for beginners but is widely recommended. [15] X Research source The University of Pennsylvania has published a Tamil Language in Context book, which includes a DVD with videos of filmed dialogue by native Tamil speakers. [16] X Research source The Tamil Nadu government has a basic e-book for free download that introduces the Tamil script and the basics of grammar. [17] X Research source
In Tamil, you can make simple sentences by putting two nouns or noun phrases together – you don’t even need to use a verb! In this case, the first noun acts as the subject and the second is the predicate (or the part that states something about the subject and acts as a verb). For example, you could say அங்கவை Angavai பல் வைத்தியர் pal vaiththiyar to say “Angavai is a dentist”. To negate this type of sentence, add the word இல்லை illai “not” to the end of the sentence. Imperative sentences in Tamil are commonly used to make requests as well as give commands. There are two ways to do this: the informal or intimate way, and the formal or polite way. Your social context will help determine which form is appropriate; for example, never use the informal mode with your elders, public figures, or other individuals who are commonly given public respect. The informal/intimate mode just uses the root form of a verb without inflection. For example, பார் Paar means “See” (singular). Use this mode with close friends and children; it is not commonly used in polite conversation with people you don’t know well unless you want to insult them. The formal/polite mode adds the plural inflection to the root form of the verb. For example, பாருங்கள் paarunkal is the plural form of paar, bt would be used in polite or formal address even if you were only talking to one person. If you want to be especially polite, you can add the question word ஏன் een “why” to the polite imperative form. For example, பாருங்களேன் paarunkaleen means “Why don’t you see/look at?” or “Would you look at ___?”
Make flashcards of common words and phrases and study them in chunks of 20-50. Being able to ask for new foods is one of the most enjoyable reasons to learn a new language when you travel. Common Tamil foods include சோறு choru(rice), சாம்பார் sambar (a lentil stew), ரசம் rasam (a soup made with tamarind), தயிர் tayir (yogurt or curd) and வடை vada (savory fritters). You might see சாம்பார் சாதம் caampaar caatam (curry rice) or மீன் குழம்பு miin kulampu (fish curry), a famous dish in the south regions of India. ஒபுட்டு Oputtu is a sweet, almost pizza-like dish made with coconut. Check whether the dish is காரம் kaaram “spicy” before you order! If you’d like coffee, a signature beverage in Tamil Nadu, you would ask for காபி kaapi. You can also ask for தேநீர் teeniir (tea). Your server might say மகிழ்ந்து உண்ணுங்கள் Magizhnthu unnungal, “Have a nice meal. ” Bargaining or haggling is a common practice in Indian culture. If you are interested in buying something, begin by offering பாதி விலை paati vilai, or “half price. ” Then, both you and the seller will work to arrange a satisfactory price. You will probably want to find things மலிவானது malivaanatu “cheap”, whereas the seller will try to push you toward something more விலை அதிகமானது vilai atikamaanatu “expensive”. You may also want to check whether the shop accepts கடன் அட்டை katan attai “credit card” or only பணம் panam “cash. ” If you’re feeling unwell, these words could help: மருத்துவர் maruttuvar “doctor”, மருத்துவ ஊர்தி maruttuvuurti “ambulance”,
For example, you could say உங்கள் பெயர் என்ன? Unga peru enna?, which means “What is your name?” The appropriate response is என் பெயர் En peyar ___ “My name is ____. ” The “interrogative marker” ஆ is placed at the end of a noun or sentence to make it a yes/no question. For example, for the noun பையனா Paiyaṉaa “boy”, placing ஆ at the end will turn it into the question “Is he a boy?” Other common questions you might want to learn include எனக்கு உதவி செய்வீங்களா? Enakku udhavi seivienkalaa? “Can you help me?” புதிய என்ன? Putiya eṉṉa? “What’s new?”நீங்கள் எப்படி இருக்கிறீர்கள்? Niinkal eppati irukkiriirkal? “How are you?” இது என்ன? Itu enna? “What is this?” Practice answering open-ended questions, as well. Try speaking for 30 seconds to 2 minutes.
You could also learn காலை வணக்கம் Kaalai vanakkam “Good morning!” and நல்ல இரவு Nalla iravu “Good night!”[20] X Research source அது எவ்வளவு செலவாகும்? Atu evvalavu celavaakum? “How much does it cost?” would be good to know when shopping. நன்றி Nanri “Thanks!” and வரவேற்கிறேன்! Varaveerkireen “You’re welcome!” and மன்னிக்கணும் Mannikkanum “Excuse me” or “Sorry” are also always helpful. நான் நோய்வாய்ப்பட்டவாறு உணருகிறேன் Naan nooyvaayppattavaaru unarukireen means “I feel sick. ” You can ask where the closest pharmacy is by asking மருந்துக் கடை அருகில் எங்கு உள்ளது? Maruntuk katai arukil enku ullatu?[21] X Research source If you want to drink a toast to a friend, you could say நல் ஆரோக்கியம் பெருக Nal aarokkiyam peruga, which loosely means “I hope your good health accumulates!” If things get too complicated, you might want to learn புரியவில்லை Puriyavilai (m) or புரியல Purila (f), “I don’t understand”. மெதுவாக பேசுங்கள் Medhuvaaga pesungal (m) or மெதுவா பேசுங்க Medhuvaa pesunga (f) means, “Please speak more slowly. ” You can also ask அதை ____ தமிழில் எப்படி சொல்லுவீர்கள்? Adhai ____ thamizhil eppadi solluveergal? “How do you say ____ in Tamil?” காப்பாத்துங்க! Kaappathunga means “Help!”
Look for an online language tutor if you can’t find in-person classes in your area.
The Tamil Nadu government Department of Education maintains a website with several free textbooks for download; these are used in elementary school through high school in Tamil Nadu public schools. TamilCube also has a large collection of stories in Tamil available for free. [22] X Research source
Omniglot has some samples of recorded Tamil text. [23] X Research source Spoken Tamil’s website also includes a lot of lessons and audio recordings.
No matter what your taste, there’s probably a Tamil film to satisfy it: Poriyaalan is an action thriller, Appuchi Gramam is a sci-fi disaster epic, Burma is a comedy-noir about car heists, and Thegidi is a romance. [24] X Research source
Meetup. com is a common place to set up and find language groups, but you can also contact your local university or college, as they may have more resources.
